Posts by Medic4health:
- Default or toxic batch production with contamination of some metal
- Adverse drug reaction
- Mysterious disease
2011 Top Pharmaceutical Industries
February 19th, 2012Top Ten Pharmaceutical companies listed in 2011 on basis of business and marketing and growth.
1. Pfizer: Pfizer is an American based, largest Pharma Industrial Setup. Last Decade the company caught in many controversies but has recovered well.
2. Johnson & Johnson: It is an American consumer and pharmaceutical Industry having wide range of products including medicated and cosmetics. It has highly demand and quality baby products, located at New Jersey State.
3. Glaxo Smithkline: Largest Pharmaceutical Setup in world has 1st position from a number of times in pharma business. Affected by World economic crisis.
4. Sanofi Aventis: research and Development oriented French Multinational Pharma Industry .
5. Novartis: Swiss Pharmaceutical Industry. One of Largest Setups.
6. Roche: Also a Swiss based Pharmaceutical Industry.
7. AstraZeneca: British origin, largest seller of Cancer and Cardiac medicines. Globally spread and larger part of sales is in Europe.
8. Abbott Labs: One of old company present in 130 countries around the world. Major products are of daily use and protective agents.
9. Merck: Oldest Pharmaceutical Industry, Independently work after First World War.
10. Bristol Myers Squibb: Produce large numbers of Medicines that are used in server diseases. Founded a decade ago and appear in list to top 10 pharmaceutical industries in very less time.
Wireless Controlled Drug Release Microchip
February 18th, 2012
Nobody likes to take medicines. Patient compliance is a big factor in therapy. Scientists have found a new way to control the release of drug from a device. It can be swallowed, injected, inhaled or delivered to the bloodstream through a time-release implant. The device is a small-size microchip embedded in the body which can be control remotely via a wireless connection.
The drug chip is very useful in delivering bone-strengthening hormones to women in case of complicated osteoporosis. The presence time chip remains up to four years in patient body. Details are published in online journal Science Translational Medicine.
The Chips works and controlled by radio waves in specific dedicated frequencies range. The working principle of chip is similar to pacemakers, defibrillators and other implantable electronic devices but the difference that comes between chip and these devices is about singling. Chip delivers a chemical signal rather than an electronic signal.
This technology could be best for treating a number of diseases and conditions that require regular medicine in form of pulse. Disease usually includes pain, infertility, multiple sclerosis or diabetes. Complicated drug regimen can also be easily controlled by this micro-tech. The researchers started their company with name of MicroChips Inc. of Waltham, Mass for production of chip.
Chip will be the gift for women affecting with osteoporosis as they have prescribed by hormone therapy with the dosing directions and involving daily injections for up to two years. This cause patient compliance problems and chip has found to be the good solution.
It have been seen that microchips wouldn’t have the capacity to store the dose of insulin that patients required every day. But chips can be modified with glucose sensors. Glucose sensors can notice when a patient’s blood sugar drop too low and respond by triggering a release of glucagon. Microchips can be used for multiple potent and complex dosage regimen drugs but currently only one drug is tested.
DNA Robots Helping Cancer Therapy
February 18th, 2012
A study from Harvard University on Feb-16 revealed that Scientist have created a DNA robots that helps to find diseased cancerous cells in body. This robot DNA is also programmed to kill those cancer cells. Clamshell shaped folded DNA has programmed in Nano-size device. This device delivers immune system antibodies to leukemia and lymphoma cells that cause self-destruction of these cells. The detail report is also published in Journal.
This test was done on Lab level in a dish. Next step will be conducted on animals for locating cancer cells in body. The Nano-Robots DNA technology is not ready now for commercial application. The Mechanism of Robot DNA Nano-Device is based on immune cells attacking behaviour that recognized viruses and other invaders.
These robots are clamshell shape and held together with a “Joining line” similar as we construct and join sticky ends of DNA in recombinant DNA technology. The programmed modified DNA releases its grip when it recognized specific targets on a cell.If these devices find commercial application with better therapeutic and diagnostic index, it may also benefit people with autoimmune disease.
Home Treatment For Lice
February 9th, 2012One of the worries parents face when send their child in school is the fear of head lice. Every year thousands of schools across the UK send out letters telling parents there is a head lice outbreak and to check the heads of their children for lice, or nits as they are so often referred to. However, parents should not panic too much if their children contract head lice as there are plenty of home treatments available that will kill the lice and their eggs. The majority of these treatments come in the form of lice killing products which should kill all of the lice and eggs that are in the hair over time and leave the head lice free. However, many parents find it difficult to get children into the bath or shower, never mind getting them to use a specific kind of medicinal product. This is why it can be helpful to use a specific type of treatment that kills head lice while still being aimed at children. Some products are designed not to kill head lice but to help prevent the spread of them from the offset. There are ranges of products available that work together to help prevent a child from contracting head lice in the first place. Preventing head lice is easier than treating them and in many cases children may not realise the product is different to the normal ones they use. Head lice preventing treatments are an essential for every family as children between the ages of seven and eleven are most likely to catch head lice, especially females. However, this may not be to do with the fact that most girls have longer hair than boys as head lice can survive on only 1cm of hair. The treatments are very easy to use and affordable. Prevention products can be used at home throughout a child’s time at school and will seriously reduce the risk of a child catching head lice.
For More Information | http://www.vosenekids.co.uk/headlice-knowledge
Article Submitted By
Polina G
(pgolubeva@ignitionsearch.co.uk)
Drug Reaction Causes in PIC Revealed
February 1st, 2012With Efforts of Chief Minister Punjab Main Shahbaz Sharif, The reasons behind the deaths in PIC are revealed. Mr Sharif held a press conference and informed the media that the causative agent of the fatal deaths is due to an adulteration of anti-malarial drug. This anti-malarial drug presence in IsoTab tablets (produced by Efroze Chemical Industries) is 14 times high dose then the prescribed dose i.e 25mg/week. Recently S. Sharif have collected the samples of both drug and human blood and sent to the WHO and European Labs for finding of reasons behind. Investigations are currently made to know how this adulteration occurred during manufacturing of these cardiac medicines.
The main emphasis is now on developing an antidote for alter the adverse effects of anti-malarial drug. The literature tells us about Folinic Acid or Calcium Folinade activity as an antidote for reversing this drug reaction. Postive results are also expected with this antidote therapy that is initiated in Hospital.
How this Anti-Malarial Drug causes the reaction?
It is not confirm yet but If there is Contaminated of Pyrimethamine which commonly used as anti-malarial drug, Inhibits folic acid synthesis. Folic acid in body is essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. High dose of above drug causes Acute bone marrow toxicity in if taken in chronic dosage, since bone marrow are rapidly dividing cells (hence DNA and RNA synthesis) in the production of blood cells.
Hence large doses of folinic acid will reverse the toxicity very quickly. Will take at least 18-21 days for the white blood cells to return to near normal levels. Blood transfusion would help to overcome the bone marrow production insufficiency, along with folic acid infusion until the patient’s bone marrow function returns.
My Suggestion for the Government officials are;
1. Facilitates the drug testing labs with efficient equipments and trained staff like Pharmacist and other analysts for precise results.
2. Emphasize the clinical Role of Pharmacist in Hospital to implement the correct use of medicines, by increasing vacancies for Pharmacist in each hospital.
3. Build a quality Regulatory authority to control over manufacturing and Licensing procedures.
Drug Reaction or Mysterious Disease Costs 32 Death In Lahore
January 23rd, 2012Last week in some Cardiac Hospitals and departments in Lahore, some cases of mysterious death occurred. In beginning it was believed to be a cause of some cardiac drug reaction of a specific brand. Later on, the death toll increases & a number of other drugs are considered to be involve . These cardiac drugs of some local manufacturer are Aspirin, Clopidogrel and simvastatin. 150 patients are also admitted in serious condition. A number of responsible factors are discussed by the health care authorities of Pakistan that includes.
Condition of Patient after Reaction
The patients suffering from drug reaction have very low platelet count, low white blood cell count and bone marrow damage. This sudden fall in platelets and WBC causes death of patient.
Possible Reasons
1. Drug regulation system in Pakistan is not so very effective. The risks associated with some adulteration or suspicious agent in raw material during manufacturing considerably can be the main reason of this drug reaction. Some Pharma companies bought raw material of low quality that may subject to chemical changes during inappropriate storage conditions in Hospital.
2. These drug if use in regimen may interact with each other, taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Aspirin with clopidogrel can increase the risk of bleeding. Clopidogrel and statins also interacts and increase the anti-platelet effect that may cause bleeding. If this is the case then there is a clear cut need of a Pharmacist in Cardiac and other hospitals. it should also be noted that these interactions may also decrease the platelet count. If this is not a reason of death then combination of these medication should also be considered with precaution and proper monitoring. There are few links that may support my dissuasion.
Reference Link:
1. American Heart Association: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/110/6/e68.full
2. http://heart-disease.emedtv.com/clopidogrel/drug-interactions-with-clopidogrel.html
3. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/98/22/2461.full
4. http://cll.acor.org/pp%20platelets.htm
3. Some toxic material or excipient may be added during production of that batch. Principal of the Allama Iqbal Medical College/Jinnah Hospital Prof Javed Akram said that there might be chance of metal contamination that damages the platelets and bone marrow. I want to add further in it regarding production of these tablets. During processing and manufacturing of tablets different metallic equipments ( High Quality material) are used like sieves, compression machine ( Punches) and e.t.c. It is also possible that manufacturer equipments for production of tablets are not of well and good quality or may completed its optimum working period. The Metal Contamination may also comes form the raw manufacturer of excipient or active drug used.
4. If we draw attention toward a mysterious disease then this type of condition of patient indicates toward the Congo Virus infection or may be new strains of Congo virus that significantly decrease the amount of platelets or White cells without giving other symptoms. Or we can say that it is may be because of Congo virus contamination in material use in manufacturing of this cardiac medicines.
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January 8th, 2012ADR Reporting
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Tips To Prevent Hair Loss
November 21st, 2011Following are the Tips and important considerations for a healthier hairs and to prevent hair loss.
- Excessive use of Shampoo may promotes hair loss , use shampoo daily once that is sufficient for your hair. Always select mild, non-medicated, non-alkaline shampoo and avoid harsh soaps. Those who have dry hairs may follow shampoos with oil-based conditioners.
- Use of Tobacco, alcohol and excessive caffeine intake causes dandruff and dryness to hairs that promotes hair loss. Avoid use of caffeine and nicotine (Tobacco).
- Avoid use of salts. More salts in body make more hair loss.
- Do Head stands once daily for 5 mins . ( Head stand is a position of lowering head below body)
- Massage scalp by hand, or with an electric vibrator or massager.
- Mental stress and mental load cause vaso-consitriction of scalp blood vessels that make inadequate supply of blood to scalp hairs and as a result promotes hair loss. For This, Medication and mental relaxation techniques are useful.
- Nutritional deficiencies are major cause of hair loss. Minerals are more important growth factor for hairs as compare to proteins. Mineral Deficiencies also causes greying of hairs. Use balanced diet containting mineral and organic components essentail for hairs. Zinc also play an important role in hair growth.
- Use of fruits and juices provides anti-oxidants to the body that prevent the chemical reactions that affect the hairs or promote the hair loss.
- Use adequate water intake daily to overcome dryness of hair and scalp. It also prevent pre-aging.
- Old remedies for dandruff is use of Apple-cider vinegar, applied as a rinse.
- Vitamin E massaging on sclap also prevent hair loss and dandruff.
- Rinse your hairs immediately after swiming in chlorinated water or treated water.
- Prolong exposure to ultra violent rays of sun cause damage to hairs. The Intensity of Sun light is maximum from 10.00 am to 2.00 pm.
- Stress factor in teenagers also retard the growth of hairs. Teenagers should manage the stress and take everything lightly and relaxly.
- Avoid Hair dryer machines and also the parlor hair euqipments to curl or straight the hairs.
- Exercise and healthy and hygenic food promotes hair growth.
- Some hair loss is due to genetic make-up. By accepting your genetic changes without any stress is the best way to cope your stress related to loss of hairs.
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Hair Loss Causes, Types & Its Management
Dandruff And Its Treatments
Air Freshners and Asthma
November 18th, 2011Air Freshners and Sprays may provoke asthma and Allergies
Asthma or dust allergies are most occurring disease now days. A patient having asthma or dust allergy should avoid air sprays used in home and some perfumes or scents. These chemical can trigger the congestion and may worse the condition and flu like symptoms. It is not necessarily an increase in allergies realted to these compounds in perfume products, but those products such as air fresheners, scented candles, deodorizers and mouth sprays.
Most of the products contain irritating chemical to which a person can be sensitive. Persons who are more prone to allergic reaction and asthma should have maintained special precaution while using the aerosols products.
Why Fingernails on Chalkboard is so Irritating
November 6th, 2011The most awful sound is when a person scraping a chalkboard with fingernails. That’s really tortuous for us. In a seconds we finally to say, “STOP IT”. Do you know why we feel awful and tortuous by this high pitch sound especially! Now, researchers have the answer and they found why the noise is such a special kind of irritating.
This sound is irritating because the frequency of scratchy sound by nails on chalkboard have ranges between 2000 Hz and 4000, but our ear this pitch frequency sound is the sign of terror or something very irritating because human ear is most sensitive. Although some frequencies of sounds are amplified in our ear due to anatomy of Canal.
Reuter’s and Oehler’s conducted the study, they have found these sound induced a galvanic skin response which is a change in the skin’s electrical activity. This activity is also triggered by fright and can be measured, like a polygraph test.
Feeling irritation and awful after hearing that sound is because it evokes some psychological reactions that usually happen in something terrible or horror situation.
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Challenges for Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Pakistan
October 28th, 2011Pharmacy profession is fast growing profession in Pakistan. A number of Private and Government Institutes are now producing a large number of pharmacists that brings awareness in Community about the role and importance of Pharmacist in Health Care System. Pakistan Pharmacists are facing a number problems in certain area of respective profession and one of a major concern is regarding the Challenges in Clinical Practice.
Dr Maqsood Khan Khattak, Clinical Pharmacy Specialist Med-Onc and Internal Medicine Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital& Research Centre Lahore enlighten the importance of Clinical Practice in Pakistan and obstacles facing by the regional Pharmacists.
Dr Maqsood Khattak words for Medic4Health: First of All I would say thanks to the Society of medic4health to show such a heartiest desire and interest about knowing the challenges of Clinical Pharmacy practices and Challenges in our Country.
What kind of current Clinical Pharmacy practice Status you see in Pakistan?
Boldly and broadly Speaking we don’t have much familarity and popularity of Clinical Pharmacy Practices in Public sector(Govt Hospitals) and Majority of our Private hospitals and other health centres but we still have something, what I think is better than nothing. We have Clinical Pharmacy practice Models in Shaukat Khanum and Agha Khan hospital that is at par with International standard, but still what I think is that we need Knowledgable and Skill full Pharmacist to run the system actively. What I can forsee about the future of Clinical Pharmacy ,trend is getting changed in Private set up in Some hospitals in Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar and hopefully we can have more space and institution for our practice in the next one or two decades.
Is this practice meets the International Practice pattern? If not then where we lack in that format?
We have Clinical Pharmacy practice models in our two hospitals Shaukat khanum and Agha Khan ,where Clinical Pharmacy services are not diluted with other aspects of Hospital Pharmacy Practice. So for Govt hospitals and some other private hospitals are concerned I have visited many times these institution they are mainly focusing on the distributive and adminstrative aspects of Pharmacy practice rather than Clinical Pharmacy services. Furthermore if I talk about the Comparison of International Clinical Pharmacy practices in SKM and Agha khan we are doing much better in Clinical Pharmacy than U.K ,Europe and Australia and Middle East and Even Mallysia but if compare to the U.S.A and some hospitals of Saudi arabia like National Guard Hospitals and King Faisal Research hospital what we are lacking is the Practice of Sub-speciality in Clinical Pharmacy (i.e Specilist Onology Pharmacist, Specialist Infectious diseases Pharmacist ,Specialist Critical Care pharmacist ,Peadiatric and Geriatric Pharmacist, Cardiology Pharmacist ,Family medicines Pharmacist and Pain and palliative care Pharmacist and Renal and transplant pharmacist as well as Drug information specialist and Internal Medicines specialist Pharmacist. its because of lack of Specialised Residency programme which is due to lack of Trained and skilled mentors to teach the students and residents and Financial aspects as well.
What are the factors in your perspective either from Pharmacy professionals’ side or through others that causes major contribution in suppression of Clinical Pharmacy Practice?
There are lot of factors: from Pharmacy profession and Pharmacist side are as follow;
I: Lack of Knowledge of Drugs & Drug Use and DSM (Disease state management)
2: Lack of Clinical Skills due to un-availability of formal training or residency programme at graduate level or even after joining institution.
3:False perception of Pharmacist about the things like Patient does not need in reality the Pharmacist services and our Physicians collgegues are doing well in therapeutic aspects.
4:Lack of Platform ,unity and and communications between Pharmacist working in different areas of Different hospitals in the country.
5: Lack of System and documentaion of Clinical Pharmacy services if even some one is doing indvidually in some hospitals
From Perspective of Hospital,s Administrator,s Side:
1 lack of awareness of the Importance of Clinical Pharmacy services.
2: Lack of Substantial Evidence in our own country to support the implementation of successful Clinical Pharmacy Services..
3: Falls interpretation of having Clinical Pharmacist in system like most administrators think that Might be Clinical Pharmacist is replacement of Physicians in treatment decision of the patient. So unknown and un-reasonabale fear of Professional clash.
From Practising Physician Colleagues side:
Those physician collegues of us ,who have foreign Experience especially U.S.A they know about the role of Clinical Pharmacist and do not have much problem with them,but as majority of our Conultants and professors are FCPS i.e local trained so they might feel anxious and un-secure to have clinical Pharmacist on round with them. But this is the least contributing factor this can be overcome by talking to them ,discussing the things on round table and interacting with them and by establishing professional limits ,ethics and standards for Clinical Pharmacy practices in our country according to our healthcare system and public awareness.
What challenges we are facing?
What I mentioned in the previous answer in details, there are lot of challenges, but we need to educate our people I mean Pharmacist ,Physicians,and we need to train the people in Clinical Skills and Communications skills and we should conduct Research regarding the Lack of Clinical Pharmacy practices and its impact on the healthcare system in term of Mortility,Morbidity and Overuse of resources i.e financial on drug related direct and in-direct problems.
Further more we need to create Public awareness ,we should utilize the different channels of Media, Conferences ,Seminars and workshops in collobration with our Physicians Colleagues. We must introduce Residency programme with limited no of seats initially and strict enrollement and teaching criteria but for that first we need Govt. Hospitas and Unviersities support to hire some highly skilled Clinical Pakistani Pharmacist in Teaching institution even intially for the five years if we need some foreign Trained Pharmacist
Does we have enough strength now to overcome these challenges?
Not at all in nut shell we have to first identify the challenges and make a prolbem list and sit together I mean ,Heads of Hospitals and Deans of Pharmacy Colleges and Universities and other The most important Clinical Pharmacy practioner and practising Pharmacists of the hospitals and head of Department of Pharmacy in different hospitals and than design a Practical model and suffient fundings for the training of Existing Hospital Pharmacists of Govt Hospitals as well as private sectors..and with in the next three years to start Residency programmes that is well defined and designed and must have preceptors in advance to run the residency effectively.
Dream is Big but we should start small..and go large.
What should be the role Clinical Pharmacist and pharmacy students to implement the clinical Pharmacy Practice?
Students are the most energetic and productive resource of any nation,Profession, yes what they can do at individual level is to gain knoweldge of Drugs, especially Pharmacokinetics ,uses ,Contra-indication as well as disease state-Management,furthermore they should be actively participating in Projects and Research work regarding Clinical Pharmacy services and its need in our healthcare system
How can you see Govt. Pakistan role in this Scenario?
I strongly believe the Govt officials including ,Minister of Health, Secretory health, Principals and Administrator of Medical colleges /Pharmacy colleges all can play a vital role in implementing the Clinical Pharmacy services in healthcare system of Pakistan. I Strongly even think that Chief minisiters of our provinces and other higher authorities should be met by Leaders from Pharmacy professionals in Clinical Pharmacy and data should be preseted to them in the simple language
Any of your Quote, Advice or words for the Viewers and related community?
The last but not the least ,I would say we need to be Pro-active in our approach and should not blame one another and system, and Should do a lot for the profession in good faith and unite our strength and resources, and should develop uniform goals and objectives.
There is a famous Quotation in Medical Community in the developed countries ,,if its not documented it was not done, so we have to documents our success stories and should present to the Provincial as well as Federal Govt. because the Administrators need evidence for every penny and rupees they invest in the health care system.
Dr.Maqsood khan khattak
(B.Sc Pharm.D, BCPS (Result Waiting), BCLS ,ACLS )
Clinical Pharmacist Specialist Med-Onc and Internal Medicine Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital& Research Centre Lahore.
- Dr Maqsood Khan Khattak is MACCP (Member of American College of Clinical Pharmacy) MSCCM(Member of society of Critical Care Medicine ) U.S.A,Member of European association of Clinical Pharmacist, Member of American society of Healthsystem Pharmacist, Member of Infectious diseases society of America ,Member of SIDP (Society of Infectious diseases Pharmacist U.S.A) Member ASCO(American society of Clinical Oncology ) and Member of NCCN (National cancer care Network).
- During College days in University college of Pharmacy (PU) , from first year through He got distinction in Physiology,Pharmacology and Therapeutics and in Clinical Pharmacy.
- Dr Maqsood Khan worked with my Senior Clinical Pharmacist at SKM during Intern-ship and contirbuted directly into patient care in Round with Medical team and it was for the first time in the history of SKM that an Intern student is putting lot of Interventions directly to the Medical team regarding patient Pharmacotherapy related problems. He got A+++ Grade and title of the distinctive and Extra-ordinary award from SKM.
- First person in the History of SKM Pharmacy to directly deliver lecture to Oncologist , on the Cardiotoxiciy of Anticancer drugs and its management according to our local data and resources.
- Delivered more than 30 Lectures to Medical community, institutes and Hospitals and organizations and also more than 15 to Nursing Dept and More than 50 lectures to Pharmacy Departments of different Institutes.
- Dr Khattak did thousands of interventions and acceptance ratio for his intervention Is more than 98 %.
- Due to the outstanding Performance in the field of Clinical Pharmacy, Ameican College of Clinical Pharmacy they honoured him for the position of Executive member of ACCP so Dr Khattak was the first Clinical Pharmacist of Pakistan to be the member of American college of Clinical Pharmacy.
- Dr khattak is also an executive member of Society of Critical care Medicine of U.S.A.
Special thanks to Dr Maqsood Khan Khattak for emphasizing the importance of Clinical Pharmacy Practice setup in Pakistan and for his precious time to share expert opinion and views and especially for encouraging the young community of Pharmacist to understand their real role in Clinical Settings
Decomposition of Our Body After Death
October 14th, 2011What Will Happen to our bodies after when we died !!!!!
Biological and medical explanation of how body die and how it will decompose.
When we heard about someone’s death, the first thing come is our mind is ultimately cessation of heart and also medical science believe the same, But death can be considered as continuous process till the body is completely decomposed.
Death starts with cessation of heart or brain. Firstly the temperature drops and muscles are relaxed in few minutes. And within 10 minutes the stomach regurgitated, urine and semen become empty and cell starts losing their integrity and the process of decomposition starts.
What Happens to body after 24hours?
The series of process occur within 24 hours and a new transformed body appears after it. The skin colour of dead body turns a greyish-white colour and loses elasticity. Eyes stops working although it remains alive for many hours but it ultimately become dull, film over appear and the pupils dilate. Blood stay where it is and sink because of gravity. Muscles become stiff which is “stiffness of rigor mortis”, this is due to accumulation of lactic acid inside the tissues and body cells. These effects can last 36-48 hours.
What happen from Two Days to a Week after Death?
Putrefaction of body tissue starts after about two days (Michael Dunn). Refrigeration can delay this process. If very hot dry air is applied then it will dry out the body and mummifiness appears .If process of Embalming made then it will preserve a body for a limited time period. If a body is left untreated at room temperature, it will go through the following stages:
The enzymes and chemical inside the body facilitates the bacteria present in bowel of Human body. Greenish colour appearance in trunk, thighs and other muscular part of body. This is caused by sulfur-saturated gas produced from bacterial action and the breakdown of red blood cells. With these changes putrid smell also will increase.
Four to six days after death the body will bloat with gas. It can be prevented with an incision is made in the abdomen to release it. The buildup of gas causes the eyes and tongue to protrude the intestines. Then intestines pushed into the rectum and vagina. Bloodstained fluid may leak from bodily orifices. The body may turn purple and black.
Post Death Decomposition of body
Most of the body will appear discoloured, the skin form blister. Swelling occurs after two weeks in breasts, abdomen, scrotum and tongue swell.
Hairs, nails and teeth loosen and internal organs rupture and liquefy after four weeks. If a body is buried, the coffin is likely to disintegrate after a few months chemical reaction occur with body that liquefy it by bacteria and insect activity. After one to two years, only the skeleton will remain. Depending on the soil acidity and temperature, bones will take anything from 25 to 500 years to dissolve.
Some unexpected Cases
- If the soil contain more quantity of base then body tend to sponification that is formation of soap by reaction of base with fats. This totally changes the pattern of decomposition of body and body is preserved.
- Some bodies remain as it is even after many years. There is no evidence and theory regarding this in medical sciences that how can it happens.
- Some bodies start giving a fragrance. It is believe that it is because of some complex chemical reactions.
